Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Leonurine Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Modulating Macrophage M1 Polarization Through the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02468-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine reduces prostatitis infiltration in EAP mice and alleviates pelvic pain. ( A ) Chemical formula of leonurine. ( B ) Experimental procedure. ( C ) H&E staining showed that after oral administration of Leonurine, the infiltrative inflammatory cells in the prostate tissue of EAP mice were significantly reduced. ( D ) Histopathological scores of the mice in the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo(Low), and EAP + Leo(High) groups. ( E ) Pain response frequency for the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo(low), and EAP + Leo(High) groups to mechanical stimulation. ( F - H ) Immunohistochemical staining of CD45 and quantification in different groups

Article Snippet: Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied Leonurine (purity ≥ 98%).

Techniques: Staining, Control, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Leonurine Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Modulating Macrophage M1 Polarization Through the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02468-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine reduces the proportion of M1 in the prostate of EAP mice and lowers pro-inflammatory factors. ( A ) Immunofluorescence showing the levels of F4/80+ macrophages in the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (Low), and EAP + Leo (High) groups. ( B , C ) Flow cytometry analysis and quantitative assessment of M1 macrophage proportions in splenic lymphocytes from the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (Low), and EAP + Leo (High) groups. ( D ) Real-time PCR analysis of iNOS mRNA levels in the prostate tissues of mice from the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (Low), and EAP + Leo (High) groups. ( E ) Western blot analysis and quantification of iNOS levels in the prostate tissues of mice from each group. ( F - H ) Real-time PCR analysis of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA levels in the prostate tissues of mice from the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (Low), and EAP + Leo (High) groups. (I-K) Measurement of serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in mice from the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (Low), and EAP + Leo (High) groups by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Article Snippet: Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied Leonurine (purity ≥ 98%).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Control, Flow Cytometry, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Leonurine Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Modulating Macrophage M1 Polarization Through the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02468-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3 Leonurine demonstrates favorable binding with proteins associated with the TLR4/NF-κB axis. ( A - C ) Predicted three-dimensional binding mode of leonurine to TLR4, MYD88, and RELA. ( D - F ) Root mean square deviation (RMSD), radius of gyration (Rg), and solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of the ligand-protein complex. ( G ) Hydrogen bond interactions of the leonurine-target protein complex. ( H ) Root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) of the leonurine-target protein complex

Article Snippet: Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied Leonurine (purity ≥ 98%).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Solvent

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Leonurine Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Modulating Macrophage M1 Polarization Through the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02468-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB axis. ( A - D ) Representative Western blots and quantitative analysis of TLR4, MYD88, p-p65, and p65 expression across the indicated groups. ( E , F ) Immunohistochemical analysis of TLR4 and MYD88 levels in the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (Low), and EAP + Leo (High) groups. ( G ) Immunofluorescence analysis of p65 in the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (Low), and EAP + Leo (High) groups. ( H - K ) Western blot analysis of TLR4, MYD88, p-p65, and p65 levels in the Control, LPS, LPS + Leo (10 µM), and LPS + Leo (20 µM) groups

Article Snippet: Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied Leonurine (purity ≥ 98%).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Control, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Leonurine Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Modulating Macrophage M1 Polarization Through the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02468-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: The TLR4 agonist RS09 reverses the protective effects of leonurine on prostatitis in the EAP mouse model. ( A ) Flowchart. ( B ) H&E staining shows inflammatory cell infiltration in the prostate tissues of the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups. ( C ) Immunohistochemical staining of CD45 in different groups. ( D ) Histopathological scores of the mice in the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups. ( D ) Pain response frequency for the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups to mechanical stimulation. (F-H) Real-time PCR analysis of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA levels in the prostate tissues of mice from the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups. ( I - K ) Measurement of serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in mice from the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Article Snippet: Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied Leonurine (purity ≥ 98%).

Techniques: Staining, Control, Immunohistochemical staining, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Leonurine Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Modulating Macrophage M1 Polarization Through the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02468-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reversal of the leonurine-mediated reduction in M1 macrophage proportion by the TLR4 agonist RS09 in EAP mice. ( A ) Immunofluorescence showing F4/80⁺ macrophage levels in the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups. ( B ) Real-time PCR analysis of iNOS mRNA levels in the prostate tissues of mice from the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups. ( C ) Western blot analysis and quantification of iNOS levels in the prostate tissues of mice from each group. ( D , E ) Flow cytometry analysis and quantitative assessment of M1 macrophage proportions in splenic lymphocytes from the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups

Article Snippet: Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied Leonurine (purity ≥ 98%).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Control, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Leonurine Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Modulating Macrophage M1 Polarization Through the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02468-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: The TLR4 agonist RS09 reverses the inhibitory effect of leonurine on the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. ( A , B ) Immunohistochemical analysis of TLR4 and MYD88 levels in the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups. ( C ) Immunofluorescence analysis of p65 in the Control, EAP, EAP + Leo (High), and EAP + Leo (High) + RS09 groups. ( D , G ) Representative Western blots and quantitative analysis of TLR4, MYD88, p-p65, and p65 expression across the indicated groups

Article Snippet: Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied Leonurine (purity ≥ 98%).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Control, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Leonurine Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Modulating Macrophage M1 Polarization Through the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02468-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: The TLR4 agonist RS09 reactivates the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and counteracts the anti-inflammatory effects of leonurine in vitro. ( A ) The levels of iNOS mRNA in the Control, LPS, LPS + Leo (20 µM), and LPS + Leo (20 µM) + RS09 groups were detected by Real-time PCR. ( B ) Western blot analysis and quantification of iNOS levels in the prostate tissues of mice from each group. ( C , D ) Flow cytometry analysis and quantitative assessment of M1 macrophage proportions in iBMDMs from the Control, LPS, LPS + Leo (20 µM), and LPS + Leo (20 µM) + RS09 groups. ( E , G ) Real-time PCR analysis of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA levels in the iBMDMs of mice from the Control, LPS, LPS + Leo (20 µM), and LPS + Leo (20 µM) + RS09 groups. ( H - K ) Western blot analysis of TLR4, MYD88, p-p65, and p65 levels in the Control, LPS, LPS + Leo (20 µM), and LPS + Leo (20 µM) + RS09 groups

Article Snippet: Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied Leonurine (purity ≥ 98%).

Techniques: In Vitro, Control, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Leonurine Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis by Modulating Macrophage M1 Polarization Through the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02468-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic of the proposed mechanism for Leonurine-mediated alleviation EAP. Leonurine suppresses M1 macrophage polarization by inhibiting activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF‑κB signaling pathway through interaction with its key components. This inhibition reduces the production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines including TNF‑α, IL‑1β, and IL‑6, thereby attenuating tissue inflammation and ameliorating pelvic pain in the EAP model. (By Figdraw)

Article Snippet: Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied Leonurine (purity ≥ 98%).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Inhibition

Journal: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibitory Effects of Standardized Leonurus japonicus Extract and Its Bioactive Leonurine on TNF-α-Induced Muscle Atrophy in L6 Myotubes

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05023

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chemical structure of leonurine.

Article Snippet: After plotting a standard curve for leonurine (Chemfaces, China) with various concentrations versus peak area, the chromatographic peak of leonurine in L. japonicus extract was identified by confirming its retention time.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibitory Effects of Standardized Leonurus japonicus Extract and Its Bioactive Leonurine on TNF-α-Induced Muscle Atrophy in L6 Myotubes

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05023

Figure Lengend Snippet: L6 myotubes were treated with LJE (from 50 to 400 μg/ml) and leonurine (from 10 to 150 μM). Relative cell viability was tested using MTT regents ( A, B ). Group differences were assessed by Duncan’s multiple range test, * p < 0.05, and ** p < 0.01 (control group vs. LJE- and leonurine-treated groups).

Article Snippet: After plotting a standard curve for leonurine (Chemfaces, China) with various concentrations versus peak area, the chromatographic peak of leonurine in L. japonicus extract was identified by confirming its retention time.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibitory Effects of Standardized Leonurus japonicus Extract and Its Bioactive Leonurine on TNF-α-Induced Muscle Atrophy in L6 Myotubes

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05023

Figure Lengend Snippet: L6 myotubes were treated with TNF-α (50 ng/ml), LJE (40 and 80 μg/ml), and leonurine (20 and 40 μM). Relative myotube diameters were measured ( A, B ). Group differences were assessed by Duncan’s multiple range test, ## p < 0.01 (negative control group vs. TNF-α-treated group), ** p < 0.01 (TNF-α-treated group vs. LJE- and leonurine-treated groups).

Article Snippet: After plotting a standard curve for leonurine (Chemfaces, China) with various concentrations versus peak area, the chromatographic peak of leonurine in L. japonicus extract was identified by confirming its retention time.

Techniques: Negative Control

Journal: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibitory Effects of Standardized Leonurus japonicus Extract and Its Bioactive Leonurine on TNF-α-Induced Muscle Atrophy in L6 Myotubes

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05023

Figure Lengend Snippet: L6 myotubes were treated with TNF-α (50 ng/ml), LJE (40 and 80 μg/ml), and leonurine (20 and 40 μM). Relative protein levels of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, and Akt ( A, B ) were measured using western blot, with α-tubulin as the housekeeping gene. Relative protein levels of p-mTOR, mTOR, p-p70S6K, p70S6K, p-4E-BP1, and 4E-BP1 ( C, D ) were evaluated using western blot, with α-tubulin as the housekeeping gene. Group differences were assessed by Duncan’s multiple range test, # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 (negative control group vs. TNF-α-treated group), * p < 0.05, and ** p < 0.01 (TNF-α-treated group vs. LJE- and leonurine-treated groups).

Article Snippet: After plotting a standard curve for leonurine (Chemfaces, China) with various concentrations versus peak area, the chromatographic peak of leonurine in L. japonicus extract was identified by confirming its retention time.

Techniques: Western Blot, Negative Control

Journal: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibitory Effects of Standardized Leonurus japonicus Extract and Its Bioactive Leonurine on TNF-α-Induced Muscle Atrophy in L6 Myotubes

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05023

Figure Lengend Snippet: L6 myotubes were treated with TNF-α (50 ng/ml), LJE (40 and 80 μg/ml), and leonurine (20 and 40 μM). Relative protein levels of p-FoxO3a and FoxO3a ( A, B ) were measured using western blot, with α-tubulin as the housekeeping gene. Relative mRNA levels of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 ( C, D ) were evaluated using RT-PCR, with β-actin as the housekeeping gene. Group differences were assessed by Duncan’s multiple range test, ## p < 0.01 (negative control group vs. TNF-α-treated group), * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 (TNF-α-treated group vs. LJE- and leonurine-treated groups).

Article Snippet: After plotting a standard curve for leonurine (Chemfaces, China) with various concentrations versus peak area, the chromatographic peak of leonurine in L. japonicus extract was identified by confirming its retention time.

Techniques: Western Blot, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Negative Control

Journal: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Article Title: Inhibitory Effects of Standardized Leonurus japonicus Extract and Its Bioactive Leonurine on TNF-α-Induced Muscle Atrophy in L6 Myotubes

doi: 10.4014/jmb.2005.05023

Figure Lengend Snippet: L6 myotubes were treated with TNF-α (50 ng/ml), LJE (40 and 80 μg/ml), and leonurine (20 and 40 μM). Relative protein levels of NF-κB ( A, B ) were measured using western blot, with α-tubulin as the housekeeping gene. Relative mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 ( C, D ) were evaluated using RT-PCR, with β-actin as the housekeeping gene. Group differences were assessed Duncan’s multiple range test, ## p < 0.01 (negative control group vs. TNF-α-treated group), * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 (TNF-α-treated group vs. LJE- and leonurine-treated groups).

Article Snippet: After plotting a standard curve for leonurine (Chemfaces, China) with various concentrations versus peak area, the chromatographic peak of leonurine in L. japonicus extract was identified by confirming its retention time.

Techniques: Western Blot, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Negative Control

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Leonurine Attenuates CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via the Hippo-YAP Pathway

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S518793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Two-dimensional structure ( A ) and three-dimensional ( B ) structure of Leonurine.

Article Snippet: Leonurine (purity: 99.64%) , MedChemExpress , HY-N0741.

Techniques:

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Leonurine Attenuates CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via the Hippo-YAP Pathway

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S518793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine effectively alleviated liver injury caused by CCl 4 . ( A ) C57BL/6 modeling diagram. ( B ) Body weight change in mice. ( C ) Final body weight (g). ( D ) Liver weight (g). ( E ) Liver index (%). ( F ) Macroscopic (scale bar, 1 cm) and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining images of mouse liver (Red arrows mark inflammatory cells, blue arrows mark vacuolation and necrosis) (scale bar, 100 μm) and quantitative analysis results. ( G-I ) Serum Alanine Aminotransferase ( G ), Aspartate Aminotransferase ( H ), and Liver Lactate Dehydrogenase ( I ) in mice. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Leonurine (purity: 99.64%) , MedChemExpress , HY-N0741.

Techniques: Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Leonurine Attenuates CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via the Hippo-YAP Pathway

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S518793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors in the liver. ( A-C ) Serum inflammatory cytokines TNF-α ( A ), IL-6 ( B ) and IL-1β ( C ) were determined by ELISA. ( D-F ) The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α ( D ), IL-6 ( E ) and IL-1β ( F ) in mouse liver tissue by qRT-PCR. ( G ) Immunohistochemical images and quantitative analysis results of CD68 and F480 (scale bar, 100 μm). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Article Snippet: Leonurine (purity: 99.64%) , MedChemExpress , HY-N0741.

Techniques: Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunohistochemical staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Leonurine Attenuates CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via the Hippo-YAP Pathway

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S518793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine alleviated CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis in mice. ( A-B ) Masson and Sirius red staining images ( A ) (scale bar, 100 μm) and quantitative analysis results ( B ). ( C ) Hydroxyproline in mouse liver tissue. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Leonurine (purity: 99.64%) , MedChemExpress , HY-N0741.

Techniques: Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Leonurine Attenuates CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via the Hippo-YAP Pathway

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S518793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine inhibited HSC activation in vivo. ( A ) The mRNA expression levels of COL1A1 and α-SMA in mouse liver tissue by qRT-PCR. ( B ) The protein expression of COL1A1 and α-SMA in mouse liver tissue by Western blotting and quantitative analysis results. ( C ) Immunohistochemical images and quantitative analysis results of α-SMA (scale bar, 100 μm). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Leonurine (purity: 99.64%) , MedChemExpress , HY-N0741.

Techniques: Activation Assay, In Vivo, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Immunohistochemical staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Leonurine Attenuates CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via the Hippo-YAP Pathway

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S518793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine inhibits HSC activation in vitro by delaying cell proliferation. ( A ) LX-2 cells were pretreated with Leo (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 or 40 μM), and cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. ( B ) LX-2 cells were pretreated with Leo (1, 2 or 5 μM) for 24, 48, or 72 h, and cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. ( C-D ) The protein expression of CDK2, CyclinE1, CDK4, CyclinD1 and PCNA ( C ) and COL1A1 and α-SMA ( D ) of LX-2 by Western blotting and quantitative analysis results. ( E ) The mRNA expression levels of COL1A1 and α-SMA of LX-2 by qRT-PCR. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Leonurine (purity: 99.64%) , MedChemExpress , HY-N0741.

Techniques: Activation Assay, In Vitro, CCK-8 Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Standard Deviation

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Leonurine Attenuates CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via the Hippo-YAP Pathway

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S518793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine protects the liver by regulating apoptosis. ( A ) The protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 of LX-2 by Western blotting and quantitative analysis results. ( B ) The protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2, CHOP and Caspase-3 in mouse liver tissue by Western blotting and quantitative analysis results. ( C ) TUNEL staining and quantification analysis (scale bar, 100 μm). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Leonurine (purity: 99.64%) , MedChemExpress , HY-N0741.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, TUNEL Assay, Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Leonurine Attenuates CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via the Hippo-YAP Pathway

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S518793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine inhibiting HSC activation by blocking Hippo-YAP signaling pathway. ( A ) The protein expression of YAP1 in mouse liver tissue by Western blotting and quantitative analysis results. ( B ) Immunohistochemical images and quantitative analysis results of YAP1 (scale bar, 100 μm). ( C ) The mRNA expression levels of YAP1, ANKRD1 and CTGF of LX-2 by qRT-PCR. ( D ) The protein expression of Hippo-YAP signaling pathway proteins of LX-2 by Western blotting and quantitative analysis results. ( E ) The protein expression of COL1A1 and α-SMA of LX-2 treated with Leo (5μM) and YAP SiRNA by Western blotting and quantitative analysis results. ( F ) Immunofluorescence staining for YAP1 (green) of LX-2 treated with Leo (5μM) and YAP SiRNA (scale bar, 100 μm). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.

Article Snippet: Leonurine (purity: 99.64%) , MedChemExpress , HY-N0741.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Blocking Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Immunohistochemical staining, Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Standard Deviation

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Article Title: Leonurine Attenuates CCl 4 -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via the Hippo-YAP Pathway

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S518793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of Leonurine delaying the progression of liver fibrosis by blocking the Hippo-YAP pathway.

Article Snippet: Leonurine (purity: 99.64%) , MedChemExpress , HY-N0741.

Techniques: Blocking Assay

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Leonurine Protects Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Activating Mitophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

doi: 10.3390/cells11111724

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) CCK-8 essay for BMSCs co-cultured with different concentrations of H 2 O 2 . ( B ) Evaluation of leonurine protection at different concentrations in skeptical ROS burden. ( C ) Double live/dead staining (scale bar = 200 μM). ( D ) Distribution of apoptotic BMSCs observed under flow cytometry (FITC-Annexin V apoptotic detection assay). ( E ) Expression of apoptosis-related protein marker. Leonurine can help BMSCs survive from an overload ROS environment. (&& p < 0.01 vs. Control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: The PI3K structure (PDB ID: 3LJ3) was download from RCSB Data Bank (Protein Data Bank, https://www.rcsb.org at 5 April 2021) and the leonurine structure was prepared by Autodock Tools 1.5.6.

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Cell Culture, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Detection Assay, Expressing, Marker

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Leonurine Protects Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Activating Mitophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

doi: 10.3390/cells11111724

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of leonurine protection on BMSCs from ROS damage. ( A ) ALP staining of leonurine treated groups (0–10 μM) at day 6 (scale bar = 200 μM). ( B ) Aliza red staining of leonurine treated groups (0–10 μM) at day 14 (scale bar = 200 μM). ( C ) Osteogenic-related mRNA expression level. ( D ) Osteogenic-related protein expression level. (& p < 0.05, && p < 0.01 vs. control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: The PI3K structure (PDB ID: 3LJ3) was download from RCSB Data Bank (Protein Data Bank, https://www.rcsb.org at 5 April 2021) and the leonurine structure was prepared by Autodock Tools 1.5.6.

Techniques: Staining, Expressing

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Leonurine Protects Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Activating Mitophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

doi: 10.3390/cells11111724

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of leonurine function on ameliorating ROS level. ( A ) Intracellular ROS measurement under microscopy (scale bar = 100 μM). ( B ) Intracellular ROS measurement by flow cytometry. ( C ) Quantitative analysis of flow cytometry results. ( D ) Intracellular ROS-related marker expression level. &&& p < 0.001 vs. control group ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: The PI3K structure (PDB ID: 3LJ3) was download from RCSB Data Bank (Protein Data Bank, https://www.rcsb.org at 5 April 2021) and the leonurine structure was prepared by Autodock Tools 1.5.6.

Techniques: Microscopy, Flow Cytometry, Marker, Expressing

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Leonurine Protects Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Activating Mitophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

doi: 10.3390/cells11111724

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine activate mitophagy during ROS damage. ( A ) Intracellular ATP level ( B ) Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential by microscopy (scale bar = 100 μM). ( C ) Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry. ( D ) Quantitative analysis of flow cytometry results. ( E ) Mitochondrial and lysosome colocalization analysis (scale bar = 50 μM). ( F ) Expression level of mitophagy-related proteins. (&&& p < 0.001 vs. control group. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: The PI3K structure (PDB ID: 3LJ3) was download from RCSB Data Bank (Protein Data Bank, https://www.rcsb.org at 5 April 2021) and the leonurine structure was prepared by Autodock Tools 1.5.6.

Techniques: Microscopy, Flow Cytometry, Expressing

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Leonurine Protects Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Activating Mitophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

doi: 10.3390/cells11111724

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of leonurine on mitophagy-inhibited BMSCs from ROS damage. ( A ) ALP staining on day six (scale bar = 200 μM). ( B ) Aliza red staining on day 14 (scale bar = 200 μM). ( C ) Osteogenic-related mRNA expression level. ( D ) Intracellular ROS-related marker expression level. ( E ) Related protein expression change (& p < 0.05, && p < 0.01, &&& p < 0.001 vs. control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. H 2 O 2 group. # p < 0.05 vs. 3-MA+H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: The PI3K structure (PDB ID: 3LJ3) was download from RCSB Data Bank (Protein Data Bank, https://www.rcsb.org at 5 April 2021) and the leonurine structure was prepared by Autodock Tools 1.5.6.

Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Marker

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Leonurine Protects Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Activating Mitophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

doi: 10.3390/cells11111724

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine can directly moderate PI3K-AKT-mTOR activation. ( A ) Research on the analysis of the leonurine and mitophagy pathway. ( B ) Relevance score on the analysis of the leonurine and mitophagy pathway. ( C ) 2D-molecular docking and 3D-molecular docking between leonurine and the PI3K protein. ( D ) The effect of leonurine on the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and change in mitophagy.

Article Snippet: The PI3K structure (PDB ID: 3LJ3) was download from RCSB Data Bank (Protein Data Bank, https://www.rcsb.org at 5 April 2021) and the leonurine structure was prepared by Autodock Tools 1.5.6.

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Leonurine Protects Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Activating Mitophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

doi: 10.3390/cells11111724

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leonurine ameliorates osteoporosis and contributes to osteogenesis in vivo. ( A ) Body weight. ( B ) Organic weight. ( C ) MicroCT of the femur on longitudinal section. ( D ) MicroCT of the femur on transection; ( E ) H&E staining of the femur on cancellous bone. ( F ) H&E staining of the femur in cortical bone. ( G ) MicroCT assessment evaluated for: Tb.N trabecular number; Tb.S trabecular spacing; Tb.Th trabecular thickness; BV/TV trabecular bone volume fraction; ( H ) Skull bone defect healing condition. ( I ) H&E staining of new bone formation. ( J ) Quantitative analysis of the new bone formation area. (&& p < 0.01, &&& p < 0.001 vs. Control group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: The PI3K structure (PDB ID: 3LJ3) was download from RCSB Data Bank (Protein Data Bank, https://www.rcsb.org at 5 April 2021) and the leonurine structure was prepared by Autodock Tools 1.5.6.

Techniques: In Vivo, Staining

Journal: Cells

Article Title: Leonurine Protects Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oxidative Stress by Activating Mitophagy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

doi: 10.3390/cells11111724

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanisms underlying our results. Leonurine ameliorates ROS damage to BMSCs by blocking ROS generation cycle by mitophagy to keep mitochondrial quality control. The mechanism probably involves the moderate activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Therefore, leonurine can activate mitophagy to alleviate damage to BMSCs form ROS overload by the moderate PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway.

Article Snippet: The PI3K structure (PDB ID: 3LJ3) was download from RCSB Data Bank (Protein Data Bank, https://www.rcsb.org at 5 April 2021) and the leonurine structure was prepared by Autodock Tools 1.5.6.

Techniques: Blocking Assay, Activation Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Leonurine Inhibits Hepatic Lipid Synthesis to Ameliorate NAFLD via the ADRA1a/AMPK/SCD1 Axis

doi: 10.3390/ijms251910855

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure of animal treatment and body weight. ( A ) The workflow of animal treatment. ( B ) Structural formula (C 15 H 18 N 2 O 9 ) of leonurine. ( C ) Body weight. Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 10). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Leonurine hydrochloride (CAS No. 24735-18-0, Cat. Y-202-1g, purity > 98%) was purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Biotechnology Co (Chengdu, China).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Leonurine Inhibits Hepatic Lipid Synthesis to Ameliorate NAFLD via the ADRA1a/AMPK/SCD1 Axis

doi: 10.3390/ijms251910855

Figure Lengend Snippet: Table of molecular docking scores for three technological combinations.

Article Snippet: Leonurine hydrochloride (CAS No. 24735-18-0, Cat. Y-202-1g, purity > 98%) was purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Biotechnology Co (Chengdu, China).

Techniques: